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Adult ADHD
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is a neurobehavioral disorder that affects approximately 3% to 5% of school-age children, with some estimates going as high as 7-9%. Longitudinal data suggest that childhood ADHD persists into adolescence in 75% of cases, and an estimated 50-60% of those who are diagnosed with ADHD as a child will maintain the disorder into adulthood (Weiss, 1992). ADHD affects males at higher rate than females in childhood, but is evenly distributed among men and women in adulthood. There are two main groups of adults with ADHD: (1) those who were diagnosed as children and still have symptoms, and (2) those who were never diagnosed. The second group may be more likely to include females. ADHD in KidsChildren with ADHD have problems staying on a task and exercising age-appropriate self-control (verbal, cognitive and behavioral). Early signs of ADHD include not listening or following instructions, poor organizational skills (self and school work), fidgeting with hands and feet, talking too much or talking out of turn, leaving tasks unfinished (e.g., chores and homework) , and difficulty paying attention to and responding to details. There are exceptions to these characteristics such as being able to focus on new or novel objects or information (e.g., video games, subjects of interest) but being inattentive and distracted when faced with boring, under-stimulating, or undesired tasks or topics. There are several types of ADHD: a predominantly inattentive subtype, a predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype, and a combined subtype. ADHD is usually diagnosed in childhood, although the condition can continue into the adult years. ADHD also varies in prevalence rates across different regions of the United States. see map ADHD & Substance AbuseThe overlap between ADHD and substance abuse disorders is very high. Structured psychiatric diagnostic interviews assessing ADHD and other disorders in substance-abusing groups have indicated that from one-third to one-half of adolescents with substance use disorders have ADHD (DeMilio, 1989; Milin et al., 1991). Aggregate data from government-funded studies of mainly cannabis-abusing youth indicate that ADHD is the second most common comorbidity, with 40% to 50% of both girls and boys manifesting full criteria for ADHD. Data largely ascertained from adult groups with substance abuse disorders also show an earlier onset and more severe course of abuse and dependance associated with ADHD (Carroll and Rounsaville, 1993; Levin and Evans, 2001). full article. |
Symptoms The following are common symptoms of ADHD in adults:
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